![]() Systematic random sampling method was used while Fishers formula was used to determine the sample size. Study population were recruited at the medical outreach program within the catchment area of our institution in collaboration with nephrology unit. One hundred and twenty sixty subjects consented for the study. This study is aimed at determining the normal references for the renal Doppler velocimetric indices in healthy adults with normal body mass index in Kano, Nigeria and to compare the values between the right and left kidneys, and also to correlate these values with gender and age of the subjects. The sonographic reference values are therefore valuable in providing the basis for monitoring of patients with renal disease especially those with renal artery stenosis. Thus, measurements of renal arterial Doppler velocimetric indices in this study are useful for comparison to the findings from other parts of the world to resolve regional, racial and individual differences. Therefore, Doppler velocimetric indices among Nigerians may differ among individuals in other countries and continents. Individuals vary in characteristics, and differences may exist between different ethnic groups in different countries and continents. In clinical practice, the value of RI 0.7 is used to discriminate between normal and pathologic resistance to flow 10, 12, 13, 14. The values in the main RA are higher in the hilar region (0.65 ± 0.17) than in the more distal small arteries, and they are lowest in the interlobar arteries (0.54 ± 0.20). RI values measured in healthy subjects show a significant dependence on age and the area sampled. The resistive index (RI) measures the degree of intrarenal arterial impedance and is calculated using the following formula: (/PSV). There are no reference values in the local environment. A 60% stenosis is important because it can produce a significant decrease in renal blood flow 10. However, many researchers found out that PSV and Renal Aortic ratio (RAR) are better indicators than EDV of the degree and accuracy of measurement of renal artery stenosis. ![]() In some communities, the normal peak systolic velocity (PSV) of the main renal artery is less than 80 - 150 cm/sec, while the end diastolic velocity (EDV) is 20 – 50cm/sec 10, 11. With Color Doppler ultrasound, renal vascular diseases like atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and fibro muscular dysplasia especially when bilateral can be demonstrated by trained sonologist and can help predict early patients in need of angioplasty and stenting 1, 10.Ī normal waveform obtained from the main renal artery demonstrates a rapid upstroke in systole and a low resistance waveform with continuous forward flow throughout the cardiac cycle. An arteriogram is rarely needed for diagnostic purposes only 9 Investigation of the renal arteries using Doppler ultrasound, computed tomographic angiography or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) have replaced other modalities and they are now considered the screening tests of choice. In general, left kidney is slightly longer than the right, and as expected, solitary kidneys are longer 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8Ĭolor-Doppler ultrasound is a noninvasive, relatively inexpensive diagnostic procedure which can accurately evaluate the kidneys, though it is operator dependent 1. Some having positive correlation of these parameters with some demographic variables 1, 2 The average length, pole to pole (LPP) of an adult human kidney is 8.0-12.8 cm. Normal kidney parameters (length, width, thickness and volume) in adults vary, which are thought by some researches to be influenced by age, weight, BMI and surface area. Ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging define accurately the anatomy and anatomical variants of the renal parenchyma, vasculature, and intra-renal urinary tract 1. ![]() Radiological imaging techniques allow a detailed depiction of the renal anatomy and of the anatomical variants.
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